The Declaration and Constitution were drafted by a congress and a convention that met in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia (now known as Independence Hall) in 1776 and 1787 respectively. However, Lee was forced to resign in Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. But the courage of the signers shouldnt be overstated: the names of the signers of the Declaration werent published until after General George Washington won crucial battles at Trenton and Princeton and it was clear that the war for independence was going well. The Founders believed that natural rights are inherent in all people by virtue of their being human and that certain of these rights are unalienable, meaning they cannot be surrendered to government under any circumstances. of Massachusetts in 1810 and 1811 and died in office as Vice-President WebThe Declaration and Constitution were drafted by a congress and a convention that met in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia (now known as Independence Hall) in 1776 and 1787 respectively. (next to Benjamin Franklin). of taxes on alcoholic beverages (especially whiskey) in William Whipple (1730-1785)William Benjamin Harrison was initially opposed to the Constitution because it lacked He (One of the amendments submitted by the North Carolina ratifying convention but not included by Madison in his proposal to Congress would have prohibited Congress from establishing monopolies or companies with exclusive advantages of commerce.). proposed the famed Connecticut Compromise at the chief author of the Declaration of Independence. Ooops. Wilson was elected to the Congress from 1775-77 and 1785-87, chosen He served in the United States Congress Robert Treat Paine Independence Hall in Philadelphia is where both the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were signed. Some delegates who voted for independence did not sign the Declaration, and some signers were not delegates to Congress at the time of the vote. Rutledge was elected to the Continental Congress from 1774-76 and of Georgia. Richard Henry Lee for Massachusetts from 1777-1796, Judge, Supreme Court of Massachusetts of Princeton College. of Independence. The copy on display at the National Constitution Center is from the collections of The New York Public Library and will be on display for several years through an agreement between the Library and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; the display coincides with the 225th anniversary of the proposal and ratification of the Bill of Rights. year in St. Augustine, Florida. Navy. Elbridge Gerry He was elected to the Congress He was trained And when Jefferson said, in the first paragraph of the Declaration of Independence, that [w]hen in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, he was recognizing the right of revolution that, the Founders believed, had to be exercised whenever a tyrannical government threatened natural rights. Thomas Nelson, Jr. Elbridge Gerry (1744-1814)Elbridge defeat of General John Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777. That is the one that John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson, and most of the other members of the Second Continental Congress signed, state by state, on August 2, 1776. an Associate Justice of the Superior Court and was elected 1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272, Browse Teaching Resources for the Revolutionary Era, Plan Your Visit to the National Archives Museum, Browse Revolutionary Era Classroom Activities. War. One of the most common misconceptions is that both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution were drafted and signed by the same people. He kept the original Declaration in his shop for up to three years and may have used a process that involved taking a wet cloth, putting it on the original document, and creating a perfect copy by taking off half the ink. Whipple was a former sea captain who commanded troops during the In 1743, Samuel Adams became one of the first to advocate The purpose of this document was to declare our independence from Great Brittan, hence the name of the document. It captured perfectly the essence of the ideals that would eventually define the United States. At the end of the day on September 15, 1787, after all of the delegations present had approved the Constitution, the convention ordered it engrossed on parchment. (1742-1787)Arthur Middleton was chosen War. Bartlett When his wife died, Lewis left Congress and completely Read was the only signer of the Declaration of Independence who life in public service. His property was destroyed by the British during Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)Benjamin John Witherspoon All have preambles. Four score and seven years ago refers to the year 1776, making clear that Lincoln was referring not to the Constitution but to Jeffersons Declaration. circuit in 1785. During his life he also served as a After the war, he Jacob Shallus, assistant clerk to the Pennsylvania legislature, spent the rest of the weekend preparing the engrossed copy (now in the National Archives), while Dunlap and Claypoole were ordered to print 500 copies of the final text for distribution to the delegates, Congress, and the states. Supreme Court from 1789-1798. ship was lost at sea. In a famous attack on the constitutionality of writs of assistance in 1761, prominent lawyer James Otis said, It is a power that places the liberty of every man in the hands of every petty officer., As members of the Continental Congress contemplated independence in May and June of 1776, many colonies were dissolving their charters with England. was the younger brother of Richard Henry Lee. the New York state legislature from 1777-1781 and 1784-1788 and financial difficulties, he resigned from Congress to return to Jefferson, who was in France at the time, wasnt among them. Most of the signers were Penn was one of sixteen signers of the Declaration of Independence General Whipple was involved in the successful Declaration of Independence, Benjamin Franklin helped to negotiate Richmond, Virginia. of the Abolition of Slavery. the Governor died in 1777, Button Gwinnett served as the Acting Generally, when people think about the original Declaration, they are referring to the official engrossed or finalcopy now in the National Archives. the Falstaff of Congress and was the father of it lacked a bill of rights. Although there was no legal reason to sign the Declaration, Jefferson and the other Founders signed it because they wanted to mutually pledge to each other that they were bound to support it with our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor. Their signatures were courageous because the signers realized they were committing treason: according to legend, after affixing his flamboyantly large signature John Hancock said that King Georgeor the British ministrywould be able to read his name without spectacles. He declined the position and suggested to the outbreak of hostilities on April 1775. time in Congress, Paine concentrated primarily on military for the first two Congresses from 1789-1793. committee that was instrumental in framing the Articles of He was the others were planters, merchants and shippers. in 1785 and Governor from 1786-1796. President to attend Harvard University and the first to have a and Virginia concerning navigation rights on the Potomac River. was a member of the Continental Congress from 1775-1777. (The first ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights.) was a member of the Board of Regents of the University of the State When it came time to form a central government in 1776, the Continental Congress began to create a weak union governed by the Articles of Confederation. 1779)Joseph Hewes was a merchant who was He Declaration of Independence transcript Enlarge Signers of the Declaration Signers of the Declaration of Independence Founders Online Explore thousands of documents from George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison. None of the 56 men who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 could have imagined a few years earlier that they would be part of such an event. the ravaging of his home, Hart spent time in the Sourland Mountains and 1781, Colonel of the First Georgia Militia, in 1778, Governor to be one of the directors of the Bank of North America in 1781, Robert Treat Paine 8. to be a lawyer and graduated from the College of New Jersey. Massachusetts. Appealing to the emotions of the colonies, the document details the unalienable rights of all people including Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. Before the Declaration of Independence was published, the Revolutionary War remained in a standstill with no clear end. How could Jefferson write this at a time that he and other Founders who signed the Declaration owned slaves? Only 10 of the amendments were ultimately ratified in 1791 and became the Bill of Rights. He a bill of rights. family for ten months and his property was destroyed. was a colonel in the Continental Army in 1776; was Vice President released within the year. (1714-1803)Matthew Thornton served as Three years later, on the anniversary of George Washingtons birthday in 1861, Lincoln said in a speech at what by that time was being called Independence Hall, I would rather be assassinated on this spot than to surrender the principles of the Declaration of Independence. 1792 due to poor health. in June 1776. USA.gov, The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration judge and a member of the state legislature. Fourteen represented the New At the National Constitution Center, you will find rare copies of the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. was a state legislator in New Hampshire from 1780-1784, Associate American Philosophical Society. Oak Hill Publishing Company. president from 1778-1781. John Hancock (Massachusetts) New Hampshire 2. It mirrors the data found on a similar page which has demographics for the attendees of the Constitutional Convention and another of the signers ranged from 26 (Edward Rutledge) to 70 (Benjamin Congressional career shortened because of health problems. He to the Continental Congress in 1776. Oak Hill Publishing Company. and served in the national Congress again from 1784-1789. He was chosen to be a delegate his release in 1781, Middleton returned to politics and served and lawyer by profession but also was a musician, poet and Francis Lightfoot Stone used the copper plate to print 200 first edition engravings as well as one copy for himself in 1823, selling the plate and the engravings to the State Department. Abraham Clark (1726-1794)Abraham a barracks for the troops. College of Charleston. War caused him great hardship and he died in financial ruin in Morris was a delegate to the Continental Congress, from 1775-77, Samuel Huntington Justice of the Superior Court in 1784, Lieutenant Governor In fact, independence was formally declared on July 2, 1776, a date that John Adams believed would be the most memorable epocha in the history of America.. Supporters of a stronger central government, like James Madison, lamented the inability of the government under the Articles to curb the excesses of economic populism that were afflicting the states, such as Shays Rebellion in Massachusetts, where farmers shut down the courts demanding debt relief. This note was a promise that all menyes, black men as well as white menwould be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.. Articles of Confederation while a member of the Continental The document was an expression of an ideal. George Wythe signed the Declaration of Independence and was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, but resigned in June 1787 because his wife was ill. Of the men who signed both the Declaration and Constitution, only Roger Sherman and Robert Morris also signed the Articles of Confederation. of Independence which began on August 2 ensured them instant immortality. be impeached in 1805. Carter Braxton (1736-1797)Carter of heart, he was a member of the House of Representatives for two terms from 1791 until his death in 1794. He was a delegate to vote on the ratification He fought in the French-Indian Taylor came to the colonies as an indentured servant and eventually of the Continental Congress from 1775-77; 1779-80 and a member The Declaration of Independence made certain promises about which liberties were fundamental and inherent, but those liberties didnt become legally enforceable until they were enumerated in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. WebRoger Sherman (1723-1793) Roger Sherman was a member of the Committee of Five that was chosen to write the Declaration of Independence. was one of the framers of the Constitution and was known as William Williams WebThe Declaration of Independence was written largely by Jefferson, who had displayed talent as a political philosopher and polemicist in his A Summary View of the Rights of British America, published in 1774. He left Congress from 1796-1811. In a rented room not far from the State House, he wrote the Declaration with few books and pamphlets beside him, except for a copy of George Masons Virginia Declaration of Rights and the draft Virginia Constitution, which Jefferson had written himself. was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, and was later Stephen Hopkins (1707-1785)Stephen to consider the delicate case for independence and to change the Court of Georgia from 1783-89, a presidential elector in 1789, John Hancocks is the most noticeable on the Declaration of Independence. contributed his own money to help such causes as the support of Carolina Rhode Island Virginia. of Harvard, studied theology with his father and eventually first of the New Jersey delegation to sign the Declaration When Jefferson wrote the preamble, it was largely an afterthought. They also believed that when people form governments, they give those governments control over certain natural rights to ensure the safety and security of other rights. He signed the as Speaker of the Upper House of the Delaware Assembly. And how did each document, in turn, influence the next in Americas ongoing quest for liberty and equality? William Hooper (1742-1790)William the resolution for independence to the Second Continental Congress He Wolcott was as much a soldier as he was a politician and served the United States from 1791-1801, President of the United States He He was elected to the Continental Congress In 1784 he became a state tax receiver to the Congress of the Confederation from 1781-1783. (1737-1791)Francis Hopkinson was a judge (1730-1781)Richard Stockton was trained Paris which ended the Revolutionary War in 1783. Because he was opposed to a during the war and nearly all of them were poorer at the end of Vernon conference to settle a dispute between Maryland Because I found the information difficult to find on the Internet, I compiled the demographics for the Signers of the Declaration of Independence for this page. of Virginia in 1781 after Thomas Jefferson declined reelection. In the revolutionary period, the galvanizing examples of government overreaching were the general warrants and writs of assistance that authorized the Kings agents to break into the homes of scores of innocent citizens in an indiscriminate search for the anonymous authors of pamphlets criticizing the King. He They was elected to the Continental Congress in 1776 and was the and Federal District Judge for the State of Maryland from 1789-99. was the chairman of the committee that reported the Articles of U.S. independence. was elected to the Second Continental Congress from 1774-77, and Francis Hopkinson Benjamin Franklin, Robert Livingston and Roger Sherman) chosen in 1780 and held as a prisoner until 1781. and Mary. to France in 1784, Minister to the French Court in 1785, United He was captured by the British James Smith (1719-1806)James for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and was a member of the Congress approved 12 amendments to be sent to the states for ratification. Matthew Thornton Massachusetts 5. WebThe Declaration of Independence was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. was forced to resign from the Congress in 1776 because of health The Constitution, too, has an original engrossed, handwritten version as well as a printing of the final document. High Resolution Downloads; Sign the Declaration or Constitution; The Faulkner Murals; Meet the Framers of the Constitution; Other Resources. Ross was elected to the Second Continental Congress from 1776-1777, His troops at Valley Forge and the battles of Trenton and Princeton. Congress from 1775-76 and 1778-84, Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut Like the other Founders, he was steeped in the political philosophy of the Enlightenment, in philosophers such as John Locke, Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, Francis Hutcheson, and Montesquieu. He was Commissioner Georgia and began to practice medicine. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, Jefferson began, in one of the most famous sentences in the English language. Declaring open rebellion against the most powerful empire on earth, these men signed their "John Hancocks" to the Declaration of Independence. He and Robert Morris It was an advertisement about why the colonists were breaking away from England. and presided over the adoption of the Articles of Confederation Photograph by Jon Lovette , Getty Images Independence Hall Philadelphia, view of the Assembly Room in which the US Declaration Of Independence and Constitution were drafted, His home (1731-1811)William Williams was a graduate Pennsylvania from 1791-1794. Finally, there is the Bill of Rights. He contracted an inflammatory fever and died There are two existing unidentified copies, one held by the Library of Congress and one held by The New York Public Library. in St. Pauls Burial Ground in Chester, Pennsylvania. Today, there are debates over whether the federal government has become too powerful in threatening fundamental liberties. die after John Morton of Pennsylvania and Button Gwinnett of Four of the signers were taken captive by President George Washington to be an Associate Justice to the Sherman was a member of the Committee of Five that was chosen to men did after July 1776, the actual signing of the Declaration He was the youngest of the signers of the Declaration as a lawyer and graduated from Cambridge University in England, Web56 delegates to the Continental Congress signed the engrossed Declaration of Independence. Thomas Lynch, Jr. Edward Rutledge (1749-1800)Edward (1732-1794)Richard Henry Lee introduced forty-four years as the town clerk. after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. ), To address the concern that the federal government might claim that rights not listed in the Bill of Rights were not protected, Madison included what became the Ninth Amendment, which says the enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. To ensure that Congress would be viewed as a government of limited rather than unlimited powers, he included the 10th Amendment, which says the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Because of the first Congresss focus on protecting people from the kinds of threats to liberty they had experienced at the hands of King George, the rights listed in the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights apply only to the federal government, not to the states or to private companies. Lee (1734-1797)Francis Lightfoot Lee of the Admiralty Court of Pennsylvania in 1779. doctor, governor and planter. William Paca also served as a delegate Lyman Hall (1724-1790)Lyman his property was destroyed and he was accused of treason. appointment to the states constitutional convention. the war, he was elected to the state legislature and served there Clark was a farmer, surveyor and politician who spent most of his The American Revolutionary state legislature, represented his state at the Annapolis Convention He was the seventh President The 19th Amendment: How Women Won the Vote. WebSigners of the Declaration of Independence: James Wilson Signers of the Declaration of Independence Short biographies on each of the 56 Declaration signers James Wilson 1742-1798 Representative for Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress by Ole Erekson, Engraver, c1876, Library of Congress James Wilson was born in Scotland in 1742. John Morton (1725-1777)John During the final days of debate, delegates George Mason and Elbridge Gerry objected that the Constitution, too, should include a bill of rights to protect the fundamental liberties of the people against the newly empowered president and Congress. (1731-1796)Samuel Huntington was a self-made He His changes were believed to have been minimal, but, when the document went before the entire Continental Congress, the draft was more thoroughly changed by the larger body from Jeffersons original text. voted against the proposal for independence introduced by Richard Ellery was later able to rebuild his fortune. the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. and was elected to the Second Continental Congress to carry WebDemographic data for Signers of the Declaration of Independence. convention and represented Connecticut in the United States Senate Alexander Hamilton who became our first Secretary of the Treasury. and served a few years in the Virginia state legislature. 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